National Cancer Institute
Bibliografía
Martenson JA, Lipsitz SR, Lefkopoulou M, et al.: Results of
combined modality therapy for patients with anal cancer (E7283). An Eastern
Cooperative Oncology Group study. Cancer 76 (10): 1731-6, 1995.
Fuchshuber PR, Rodriguez-Bigas M, Weber T, et al.: Anal canal
and perianal epidermoid cancers. J Am Coll Surg 185 (5): 494-505, 1997.
Daling JR, Weiss NS, Hislop TG, et al.: Sexual practices,
sexually transmitted diseases, and the incidence of anal cancer. N Engl J
Med 317 (16): 973-7, 1987.
Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Gonzales J, et al.: Detection of human
papillomavirus DNA in anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer. Cancer
Res 51 (3): 1014-9, 1991.
Ryan DP, Compton CC, Mayer RJ: Carcinoma of the anal canal. N Engl J Med 342 (11): 792-800, 2000.
Bibliografía
Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Gonzales J, et al.: Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer. Cancer Res 51 (3): 1014-9, 1991.
Tumor primario (T)
[Nota: *Una invasión directa de la pared rectal, piel del perirecto, tejido subcutáneo, o los músculos del esfínter, no se clasifica como T4.]
Ganglios linfáticos regionales (N)
Metástasis a distancia (M)
Estadio 0
Estadio I
Estadio II
Estadio IIIA
Estadio IIIB
Estadio IV
Bibliografía
Anal canal. In: American Joint Committee on Cancer.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2002, pp 125-130.
Debido al número reducido de casos, se necesita más información que sólo puede obtenerse mediante la participación de pacientes en ensayos clínicos bien diseñados para mejorar el manejo del cáncer del ano. Los pacientes con enfermedad en estadios II, III y IV deberán ser considerados candidatos para los ensayos clínicos.
Bibliografía
Boman BM, Moertel CG,
O'Connell MJ, et al.: Carcinoma of the anal canal. A clinical and pathologic
study of 188 cases. Cancer 54 (1): 114-25, 1984.
Stearns MW Jr, Quan SH: Epidermoid carcinoma of the anorectum. Surg Gynecol
Obstet 131 (5): 953-7, 1970.
Cummings BJ: The Role of Radiation Therapy With 5-Fluorouracil in Anal
Cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 7 (4): 306-312, 1997.
Cantril ST, Green JP, Schall GL, et al.: Primary radiation therapy in the
treatment of anal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 9 (9): 1271-8,
1983.
Leichman L, Nigro N, Vaitkevicius VK, et al.: Cancer of the anal canal.
Model for preoperative adjuvant combined modality therapy. Am J Med 78 (2):
211-5, 1985.
Sischy B: The use of radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy in the
management of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and marginally resectable
adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11 (9): 1587-93,
1985.
Sischy B, Doggett RL, Krall JM, et al.: Definitive irradiation and
chemotherapy for radiosensitization in management of anal carcinoma: interim
report on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study no. 8314. J Natl Cancer
Inst 81 (11): 850-6, 1989.
Cummings BJ: Anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19 (5): 1309-15,
1990.
Zucali R, Doci R, Bombelli L: Combined chemotherapy--radiotherapy of anal
cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19 (5): 1221-3, 1990.
Fuchshuber PR, Rodriguez-Bigas M, Weber T, et al.: Anal canal and perianal
epidermoid cancers. J Am Coll Surg 185 (5): 494-505, 1997.
Fung CY, Willett CG, Efird JT, et al.: Chemoradiotherapy for anal carcinoma:
what is the optimal radiation dose? Radiat Oncol Investig 2(3): 152-156,
1994.
John M,
Pajak T, Flam M, et al.: Dose Escalation in Chemoradiation for Anal Cancer:
Preliminary Results of RTOG 92-08 Cancer J Sci Am 2 (4): 205-11, 1996.
Flam M, John M, Pajak TF, et al.: Role of mitomycin in combination with
fluorouracil and radiotherapy, and of salvage chemoradiation in the
definitive nonsurgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal:
results of a phase III randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 14 (9):
2527-39, 1996.
Rich TA, Ajani JA, Morrison WH, et al.: Chemoradiation therapy for anal
cancer: radiation plus continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil with or without
cisplatin. Radiother Oncol 27 (3): 209-15, 1993.
Ajani JA, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group: Phase III Randomized Study of
Fluorouracil and Mitomycin With Concurrent Radiotherapy Versus Fluorouracil
and Cisplatin With Concurrent Radiotherapy in Patients With Anal Canal
Carcinoma, RTOG-9811, Clinical trial, Active.
[PDQ Clinical Trial]
Holland JM, Swift PS: Tolerance of patients with human immunodeficiency
virus and anal carcinoma to treatment with combined chemotherapy and
radiation therapy. Radiology 193 (1): 251-4, 1994.
Peddada AV, Smith DE, Rao AR, et al.: Chemotherapy and low-dose radiotherapy
in the treatment of HIV-infected patients with carcinoma of the anal canal.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 37 (5): 1101-5, 1997.
Hoffman R, Welton ML, Klencke B, et al.: The significance of pretreatment
CD4 count on the outcome and treatment tolerance of HIV-positive patients
with anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 44 (1): 127-31, 1999.
Place RJ, Gregorcyk SG, Huber PJ, et al.: Outcome analysis of HIV-positive patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 44 (4): 506-12, 2001.
Opciones de tratamiento estándar:
Se utiliza la resección quirúrgica para el tratamiento de lesiones del área
perianal que no complican el esfínter anal (el enfoque de la operación dependerá
de la ubicación de la lesión en el canal anal).
Opciones de tratamiento estándar:
La quimioterapia con fluorouracilo y mitomicina combinada con radioterapia primaria parece ser más eficaz que la radioterapia sola.[10] La dosis óptima de radiación concurrente con quimioterapia aún está bajo evaluación clínica.[11-13]
Algunos tumores selectos también son idóneos para recibir irradiación intersticial.[4]
Bibliografía
Flam M, John M, Pajak
TF, et al.: Role of mitomycin in combination with fluorouracil and
radiotherapy, and of salvage chemoradiation in the definitive nonsurgical
treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of a phase III
randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 14 (9): 2527-39, 1996.
Enker WE, Heilwell M, Janov AJ, et al.: Improved survival in epidermoid
carcinoma of the anus in association with preoperative multidisciplinary
therapy. Arch Surg 121 (12): 1386-90, 1986.
Papillon J, Mayer M, Montbarbon JF, et al.: A new approach to the management
of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. Cancer 51 (10): 1830-7, 1983.
Cummings B, Keane T, Thomas G, et al.: Results and toxicity of the treatment
of anal canal carcinoma by radiation therapy or radiation therapy and
chemotherapy. Cancer 54 (10): 2062-8, 1984.
Leichman L, Nigro N, Vaitkevicius VK, et al.: Cancer of the anal canal.
Model for preoperative adjuvant combined modality therapy. Am J Med 78 (2):
211-5, 1985.
James RD, Pointon RS, Martin S: Local radiotherapy in the management of
squamous carcinoma of the anus. Br J Surg 72 (4): 282-5, 1985.
Sischy B: The use of radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy in the
management of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and marginally resectable
adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11 (9): 1587-93,
1985.
Sischy B, Doggett RL, Krall JM, et al.: Definitive irradiation and
chemotherapy for radiosensitization in management of anal carcinoma: interim
report on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study no. 8314. J Natl Cancer
Inst 81 (11): 850-6, 1989.
Mitchell SE, Mendenhall WM, Zlotecki RA, et al.: Squamous cell carcinoma of
the anal canal. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49 (4): 1007-13, 2001.
Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomised trial of
radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin.
UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. UK Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer
Research. Lancet 348 (9034): 1049-54, 1996.
Fung CY, Willett CG, Efird JT, et al.: Chemoradiotherapy for anal carcinoma:
what is the optimal radiation dose? Radiat Oncol Investig 2(3): 152-156,
1994.
John M,
Pajak T, Flam M, et al.: Dose Escalation in Chemoradiation for Anal Cancer:
Preliminary Results of RTOG 92-08 Cancer J Sci Am 2 (4): 205-11, 1996.
Ajani JA, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group: Phase III Randomized Study of
Fluorouracil and Mitomycin With Concurrent Radiotherapy Versus Fluorouracil
and Cisplatin With Concurrent Radiotherapy in Patients With Anal Canal
Carcinoma, RTOG-9811, Clinical trial, Active.
[PDQ Clinical Trial]
Sandhu AP, Symonds RP, Robertson AG, et al.: Interstitial iridium-192 implantation combined with external radiotherapy in anal cancer: ten years experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40 (3): 575-81, 1998.
Opciones de tratamiento estándar:
La quimioterapia con fluorouracilo y mitomicina combinada con radioterapia primaria parece ser más eficaz que la radioterapia sola.[9] La dosis óptima de radiación concurrente con quimioterapia está bajo evaluación.[10-12]
Algunos tumores selectos también son idóneos para recibir irradiación intersticial.[3,13]
Bibliografía
Enker WE, Heilwell M,
Janov AJ, et al.: Improved survival in epidermoid carcinoma of the anus in
association with preoperative multidisciplinary therapy. Arch Surg 121 (12):
1386-90, 1986.
Papillon J, Mayer M, Montbarbon JF, et al.: A new approach to the management
of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. Cancer 51 (10): 1830-7, 1983.
Cummings B, Keane T, Thomas G, et al.: Results and toxicity of the treatment
of anal canal carcinoma by radiation therapy or radiation therapy and
chemotherapy. Cancer 54 (10): 2062-8, 1984.
Leichman L, Nigro N, Vaitkevicius VK, et al.: Cancer of the anal canal.
Model for preoperative adjuvant combined modality therapy. Am J Med 78 (2):
211-5, 1985.
James RD, Pointon RS, Martin S: Local radiotherapy in the management of
squamous carcinoma of the anus. Br J Surg 72 (4): 282-5, 1985.
Sischy B: The use of radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy in the
management of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and marginally resectable
adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11 (9): 1587-93,
1985.
Sischy B, Doggett RL, Krall JM, et al.: Definitive irradiation and
chemotherapy for radiosensitization in management of anal carcinoma: interim
report on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study no. 8314. J Natl Cancer
Inst 81 (11): 850-6, 1989.
Flam M, John M, Pajak TF, et al.: Role of mitomycin in combination with
fluorouracil and radiotherapy, and of salvage chemoradiation in the
definitive nonsurgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal:
results of a phase III randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 14 (9):
2527-39, 1996.
Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomised trial of
radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin.
UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. UK Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer
Research. Lancet 348 (9034): 1049-54, 1996.
Fung CY, Willett CG, Efird JT, et al.: Chemoradiotherapy for anal carcinoma:
what is the optimal radiation dose? Radiat Oncol Investig 2(3): 152-156,
1994.
John M,
Pajak T, Flam M, et al.: Dose escalation in chemoradiation for anal cancer:
preliminary results of RTOG 92-08. Cancer J Sci Am 2(4): 205-211, 1996.
Ajani JA,
Radiation Therapy Oncology Group: Phase III Randomized Study of Fluorouracil
and Mitomycin With Concurrent Radiotherapy Versus Fluorouracil and Cisplatin
With Concurrent Radiotherapy in Patients With Anal Canal Carcinoma,
RTOG-9811, Clinical trial, Active.
[PDQ Clinical Trial]
Sandhu AP, Symonds RP, Robertson AG, et al.: Interstitial iridium-192
implantation combined with external radiotherapy in anal cancer: ten years
experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40 (3): 575-81, 1998.
Opciones de tratamiento estándar:
Bibliografía
Sischy B, Doggett RL, Krall JM, et al.: Definitive irradiation and chemotherapy for radiosensitization in management of anal carcinoma: interim report on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study no. 8314. J Natl Cancer Inst 81 (11): 850-6, 1989.
Opciones de tratamiento estándar:
Opciones de tratamiento estándar:
Bibliografía